Important Initiatives in the Promotion of Public Health

Important Initiatives in the Promotion of Public Health Introduction Health initiative programs are global phenomena. They are as old as humankind. Continued government support has shown that alls of health promotion initiatives include Michelle Obama’s Lets Move program in America, Living Longer Living Better initiative, and Headspace initiative. The last two are in Australia. Let’s Move Health Initiative Obesity in America is an old problem. Thirty three percent of American children are overweight or obese. The condition leads to complications like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer (Batan, Li Scanlon 2010). Almost forty percent African American and Hispanic children are affected by the problem. The First Lady, Michelle Obama, is determined to solve the obesity problem in America. To this end, she launched the â€Å"Let’s Move† campaign. A letter was written to President Obama by Melody Barnes on behalf of the White House Task Force on Childhood Obesity. The letter detailed an action plan to solve the obesity problem. It led to the launch of Michelle Obama’s initiative (Batan et al. 2010). Priority areas were identified by the task force. The areas include empowering parents and guardians, as well as providing the children with healthy food in schools. In addition, the task force recognised the importance of enhancing access to healthy foods in the country. Finally, the task force advised for the promotion of physical activity in school (Batan et al. 2010). The task force spent three months reviewing available research. More than 2500 people were interviewed by the task force. Twelve federal agencies supported the ideas of Lets Move program. Today, the initiative is one of the most comprehensive and well-funded programs that are effectively addressing the age old problem of obesity. By merging all-inclusive strategies and common sense, Michelle Obama is helping to raise future healthy children. Obesity is a condition where the body has excess fat. It is represented in terms of body mass index [BMI] (Chung et al. 2008). Grown-ups whose BMI is between 25 and 29 are regarded as unhealthy. Individuals whose ratio goes beyond 30 are regarded as obese (Nestle 2010).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In children, BMI varies with gender and age. Children with a BMI greater than 95 percentile on the sex-and-age growth chart are regarded as obese. The condition increases the risk of contracting diseases like diabetes, arthritis, cancer, and heart conditions (Chung et al. 2008). Children with obesity tend to develop into obese adults. Pregnant women who use tobacco products or who are overweight are likely to give birth to obese children (Nestle 2010). In addition, women who are diabetic are at risk of giving birth to obese children. Let’s Move initiative recognises that no single action can reverse childhood obesity. The initiative ad opts some important approaches, which include improving eating habits and increasing physical activities among children. It also advocates for control of tobacco consumption. The initiative identifies material incentives as major risk factors that contribute to obesity. Some of these incentives include the cost of food and social norms. Others include nutritional and physical activities among peers and family members. The surrounding environment, such as availability of playground or fast food stores, is another contributing factor (Chung et al. 2008). The program advocates for the provision of information to parents and caregivers to help them provide nutritious foods to children. Let’s Move advocates for the elimination of â€Å"food and play ground deserts† (Chung et al. 2008, p. 34). The First Lady’s initiative advocates for more opportunities to engage children in physical activity. One of the findings made in the program is that physically active children have improved motor skills. Such skills are necessary for children to attain developmental milestones (Nestle 2010). Michelle Obama’s initiative targets the participation of every person in the society. Parents, healthcare personnel, government officials, and caregivers participate in the initiative. States have formulated policies regarding activity and provider training. Portable and fixed play equipments are a common sight in schools. The program has influenced the amount of physical activity children engage in while in school (Nestle 2010). Research by Nestle (2010) shows that public programs like Lets Move greatly improve the nutritional value of the food given to children. Children in early childhood care centre are also healthier. Pupils under the Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) eat healthier food compared to those who bring meals to school. Let’s Move program has taken the lead in providing healthier foods and implementing evidence-based activities. The activit ies promote healthy eating and encourage â€Å"developmentally-appropriate† physical activities (Chung et al. 2008, p. 23).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Important Initiatives in the Promotion of Public Health specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As ambitious as it looks, Let’s Move has not performed very well. The number of children meeting the guidelines for physical activity is not clear. Surveys show that only high school students follow the physical activity guidelines. Another setback is the recommendation by American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). Children under two years are not allowed to view television. In addition, those over two years must limit their television exposure to two hours (Wisdom et al. 2010). However, in spite of this initiative, 44% of children below two years watch television daily (Wisdom et al. 2010, p. 12). The negative impacts that obesity has on public health and the econo my justify Let’s Move initiative by Michelle Obama. Research findings show that obesity affects the lifestyle of a given population. Let’s Move is a successful public health initiative. Its ability to institute various programs and attract the support of players from different sectors of the community is laudable. Living Longer Living Better Initiative The gradual increase of the ageing population in Australia is a phenomenon that has greatly affected social balance. The scenario demands for shift in society’s beliefs about the old people (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012a). Man has fought so hard over the centuries to increase his life span. Australians are now enjoying an extended period of healthy existence (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009). Older people in Australians still have the energy, knowledge, insight, and experience to contribute to the development of the country. Their contribution in the fields of business, education, and communal partici pation is of great importance to the entire country. Their contribution calls for creative ways of encouraging and supporting them. Old age does not diminish dreams and aspirations (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012b). The government has found it necessary to initiate programs that take care of the changing needs of the ageing population. Such initiatives include the Living Longer Living Better program (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009). Living Longer Living Better is an amalgamation of different packages that help improve the living standards of the older generation. In this program, the government aims to build â€Å"nationally consistent aged care programs† (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012c, par. 16). The initiative has provided a total of four billion dollars over the last five years (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012d).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Out of the total allocation, 995 million dollars was set aside to help the aged to stay at home. The money was used to finance the acquisition of new homecare packages. The initiative regulates arrangements for home care packages for the aged (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009). Another allocation includes the 54 million dollars set aside to help support the aged in their careers (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012c). Seven hundred million dollars was used to deliver better housing facilities for the aged population in the country. 1.2 billion dollars was used to support the working class among the old age population. The remaining part of the allocation went to consumer support and research. The aim was to empower the aged through advocacy and networking. The project has improved the living standards of the older population in Australia. It is a public health initiative since it addresses both psychological and sociological needs. The initiative has direct impacts on the healt h status of an individual. Majority of senior citizens in the country prefer to spend their last days at home. By 2015, the initiative aims to introduce a number of programs with the help of government. One of them is the Commonwealth Home Support Program (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012d). One of the demerits of the Living Longer Living Better initiative is high taxation rate on the entire population. Current exemptions with regards to accommodation payments among the aged are a burden to the tax payers. In conclusion, Living Longer Living Better initiative has shown that old age programs are critical in tackling health issues that are important and sensible to the aged. The initiative focuses more on the health of the aged, largely because of the high mortality rate among the group and huge medical bills incurred by them (Kumanan Keelan 2009). The welfare of the aged has improved greatly in the last twenty years as a result of the initiative. Headspace Initiative in Australi a Headspace is an initiative of the National Youth Mental Health Foundation. It was launched in 2006 (Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing [AGDHA] 2007). It is part of the Australian government’s obligation to the Youth Mental Health Initiative (AGDHA 2007). The main aim of the initiative is to promote and expand access to mental health services. It also aims at improving social and economic security among the youth. The initiative targets those aged between 12 and 25 (Hardey 2008). Headspace provides holistic services via Communities of Youth Services [CYS] (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006). It creates community awareness as far as young people suffering from mental complications are concerned (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006). One of the components of the initiative that helps it achieve its mandate includes the Headspace National Office (HNO). It is a research and information dissemination arm of the organisation. An independent evaluation of Hea dspace was conducted in 2008 by the Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC). The centre rated the program positively. A longitudinal evaluation, which included a mixed methods research, was conducted. The evaluation made use of qualitative and quantitative data from different sources. Headspace has continued to provide mental health services to young people in the country. Some of the positive impacts of the program include improved governance of clinical services to the youth. It has come up with effective mental health policies and procedures (BeyondBlue 2006, par. 4). To ensure that the program achieves the envisaged objectives, those tasked with the responsibility of implementing the Headspace initiative have come up with a number of strategies (Wisdom et al. 2010). The program has come up with campaigns aimed at increasing community awareness. The management has also introduced youth-friendly services and centres accessible to the youth. The initiative has increased the number of young people seeking and accessing mental health services in the country. Current research shows that the program has provided services to more than fourteen thousand young people. An evaluation of Headspace program unearthed some limitations and recommended that the period of setting up centres be increased to twelve months. The duration would allow enough time to recruit qualified members of staff, as well as refine policies and procedures (BeyondBlue 2006). Another limitation identified involves the number of times that one can access psychiatric services. Psychiatric services should be increased to improve the mental health of young people in Australia. It is evident that Headspace has managed to achieve its objectives of addressing the mental health issues among the youth. The initiation of similar programs will go a long way in improving mental health among the Australian population. References Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006, Mental health in Australia: a snapshot, 2004- 05, abs.gov.au/ausstats/[emailprotected]/mf/4824.0.55.001. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009, Survey of disability, ageing and carers, Australia 2009, http://carersaustralia.com.au/storage/Economic-Value-Informal-Care-Oct-2010.pdf. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012a, Caring for children: gender indicators, Australia, abs.gov.au/ausstats/[emailprotected]/Lookup/by+Subject/4125.0~Jan+2012~Main+Features~Caring+for+children~4120. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012b, Labour force status by sex 15-64 years, abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[emailprotected]/DetailsPage/6202.0Jun%202012. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012c, Labour force status aged 15 years and over, abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[emailprotected]/DetailsPage543/6202.0Jun%202012?. Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012d, Caring in the community, Australia, abs.gov.au/ausstats/[emailprotected]/cat/4436.0. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing 2007, National mental health report 2007, Sidney, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Batan, M, Li, R, Scanlon, K 2010. Is child care providers’ support for breastfeeding associated with breastfeeding duration?, American Public Health Association, New York. BeyondBlue 2006, BeyondBlue: about us, beyondblue.org.au/about-us. Chung, M, Raman, G, Trikalinos, T, Lau, J, Ip, S 2008, ‘Interventions in primary care to promote breastfeeding: an evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force’, Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 149 no. 8, pp. 565-82. Garrett, L 2007, ‘The challenge of global health’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 86 no. 1, pp. 14-38. Hardey, M 2008, ‘Public health and Web 2.0’, Perspectives in Public Health, vol. 128 no. 4, pp. 181-189. Kumanan, W Keelan, J 2009, ‘Coping with public health 2.0’, Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 180 no. 10, p. 1080. Nestle, M 2010, Health care reform in action: calorie labelling goes national, NEJM.org. Wisdom, J, Downs, J, Loewen stein, G 2010, ‘Promoting healthy choices: information versus convenience’, Applied Economics, vol. 2, pp. 164–178.

Understanding How the Earths First Forests Developed

Understanding How the Earth's First Forests Developed The vascular plant emerged around 400 million years ago and started Earths forest-building process during the Silurian geologic period. Although not yet a true tree, this new member of the terrestrial plant kingdom became the perfect evolutionary link (and the largest plant species) with developing tree parts and considered the first proto-tree. Vascular plants developed the ability to grow large and tall with massive weight needed for the support of a vascular internal plumbing system. The First Trees The earths first real tree continued to develop during the Devonian period and scientists think that tree was probably the extinct ​Archaeopteris. This tree species followed later by other tree types became the definitive species comprising a forest during the late Devonian period. As I have mentioned, they were the first plants to overcome the biomechanical problems of supporting additional weight while delivering water and nutrients to fronds (leaves) and roots. Entering the Carboniferous period around 360 million years ago, trees were prolific and a major part of the plant life community, mostly located in coal-producing swamps. Trees were developing the parts that we immediately recognize today. Of all the trees that existed during the Devonian and Carboniferous, only the tree fern can still be found, now living in Australasian tropical rainforests. If you happen to see a fern with a trunk leading to a crown, you have seen a tree fern. During that same geologic period, now extinct trees including clubmoss and giant horsetail were also growing. Evolution of the Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Primitive conifers were the next three species to appear in ancient forests around 250 million years ago (the late Permian to Triassic). Many trees, including the cycads and monkey-puzzle tree, can be found around the world and are easily recognized. Interestingly, the very familiar ginkgo trees ancestor appeared during this geologic period and the fossil record shows the old and the new to be identical. Arizonas petrified forest was a product of the rise of the first conifers or gymnosperms, and exposed fossilized logs are crystallized remains of the tree species Araucarioxylon arizonicum. There was another type of tree, called an angiosperm or hardwood, making headway during the early Cretaceous or about 150 million years ago. They appeared at about the same time geologists think the earth was breaking up from a single continent called the Pangaea and dividing into smaller ones (Laurasia and Gondwanaland). Early into that Tertiary period, hardwoods exploded and diversified themselves on each new continent. That is probably the reason hardwoods are so unique and numerous across the globe. Our Present Evolutionary Forest Few dinosaurs ever made a meal on hardwood leaves because they were rapidly disappearing before and during the beginning of the new age of hardwoods (95 million years ago). Magnolias, laurels, maples, sycamores, and oaks were the first species to proliferate and dominate the world. Hardwoods became the predominant tree species from mid-latitudes through the tropics while conifers were often isolated to the high-latitudes or the lower latitudes bordering the tropics. Not a lot of change has happened to trees in terms of their evolutionary record since the palms made their first appearance 70 million years ago. Fascinating are several tree species that simply defy the extinction process and show no indication that they will change in another dozen million years. I mentioned ginkgo earlier but there are others: dawn redwood, Wollemi pine, and monkey puzzle tree.

Racial profiling Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Racial profiling - Coursework Example Indeed, it has been increasingly common in light of the perceived threats to the population by Islamic terrorists. Thus, in airplanes, Islamic-looking individuals are subjected to inspections and interviews of an intensity that white people are not normally subjected to. The increasing numbers of crime, and the associations by people that these crimes emanate from race-based communities such as Hispanic communities, are also responsible for the growing trend towards racial profiling. While racial profiling is never really legislated as a policy in its explicit sense, the ever-widening range of methods that a law enforcement officer are allowed to employ allow the use of racial profiling as a legitimate strategy. We now proceed to discussing the costs against the benefits of racial profiling. Those who support racial profiling believe that a utilitarian approach must be taken. The argument is that because it is true that there are crimes which certain racial groups are more predisposed to committing than other racial groups, â€Å"special efforts at crime reduction directed at members of such groups are justified, if not required.† (Risse and Zeckhauser, 2004). This basically means that law and order is a more important consideration than improving racial relations or fighting racial inequality. Because crime has such pernicious effects on society, so the argument goes, the order of the day is to end it. In contrast, those who are opposed to racial profiling dispute the position that some races have a greater tendency to commit some crimes than others. Indeed, in a study conducted, the officers’ behaviour of racial profiling is not supported by any showing that the criminal acts in the predominantly white community were committed by African Americans (Meehan and Ponder, 2002). Of course, the deeper objection to racial

Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Economy - Essay Example The second qualification for a commodity into the category of common resource is non-excludability, whereby it should not be possible to exclude a person from the consumption of such goods (Hochenberry 152). In the case of the American bison, the consumption of each unit of the bison serves to preclude other individuals from consumption. This is because, when the hunters kill the bison for commercial purposes, for example selling their meat, it precludes other people from using the same resource, since the bison are no longer available. The continuous hunting and killing of the bison will mean that at time will come when the bison get extinct and thus unavailable for consumption by the rest of the society. Therefore, the action of the hunters serves to preclude the rest of the society from consuming that resource, which the society is not restricted from using (Kang and Zhou 138). Additionally, the American bison fits in the category of common resources, since they do not pass the ex cludability criteria. The excludability criteria require that it is possible to exclude a person from the consumption of a good or a resource (Hochenberry 154). However, considering that the American bison were natural resources which were roaming on the North American grassland in the 1800s, no one could exclude any person from using such resources. Therefore, the American bison fits into the category of the common resource. ... However, after the 1800s, the number of v declined sharply, to a point that they almost became extinct (Lott 72). Whenever the forces of demand and supply are not equal, there tend to develop some pressure in the market place, where either the goods in the market will go to waste because their supply is high than the quantities demanded, or there will occur a shortage of such commodities, on the event that the demand is higher than the supply (Hochenberry 151). This situation can be rescued by adjusting the supply of goods, if the resource used in the production of such commodities is renewable, or it will lead to extinction of the commodity in the market, if the resources applied to produce the commodity are not renewable. In the case of the American bison, several factors played a role in causing their near extinction. First, the American bison were hunted by the American Indians who were living in the plains of North America prior to the 1800s (Lott 77). Considering that the India n hunters were targeting the American bison purely for food purposes, the rate of hunting was lower, than the rate of reproduction and growth of the American bison. However, in the periods after 1800s, professional hunters entered the field of hunting the American bison for a combination of commercial hunting and slaughter purposes. This meant that rate of killing the American bison was high, compared to the rate at which they were multiplying. The applicable economic concept in this case is that, the forces of demand were higher than the forces of supply (Kang and Zhou 141). Considering that the demand for the American bison for commercial and slaughter purposes was higher than the supply; which is accounted for by the rate of their

History of Counseling Essay -- Psychology, The New and Old Testaments

It is said that in order to know where you are going, it is important to know where you have been. This adage applies to many facets of life but also to the profession of counseling. In order to gain insight into the future of the profession, this author seeks to uncover the past that has shaped the current landscape. In doing so, the hope is to preserve what may be preserved, correct those mistakes of the past and forge new paths that will lead to wholeness and health. History and Timeline In deciphering the history of Psychology, one can subscribe to two seperate schools of thought. The first is that of the secular worldview that gives credence only to those things of this world. The focus here is on the scientific discoveries of various men throughout the ages. The second comes from a Biblical worldview that recognizes the true nature of soul care as an outward manifestation of God's grace and mercy to His broken people. This author will construct a timeline that attempts to integrate the two views and represent the split as well as the divine way that they have been brought back together with a bright future for integration. Counseling has been a part of history from the origin of man. The Old and New Testament have countless references to prophets, apostles and preachers who offered help and consolation to those in need of care. The apostle Paul clearly spoke of our ability to aid others when he said, â€Å"I myself am convinced, my brothers, that you yourselves are full of goodness, complete in knowledge and competent to instruct (counsel) one another" (Romans 15:14, NIV) We were created to work in harmony with one another, offering aid to those who are afflicted in any way we can. This form of â€Å"counseling† relies... ... integrate each discipline into one cohesive recognition of truth. According to this source, all counselors exist somewhere within these bounds. When we think about creating a model of therapy that will serve God, our ethical responsibilities, our moral imperatives and our clients, integration and careful analysis of each model that has preceded are of tantamount importance. We must glean those concepts and techniques from each theory that allow us to function within the Allies camp, the most advantageous category of integration.(Entwistle, 2010) In order to do this, we parse each model into five pieces. These are: Philosophical Assumptions, Model of Personality, Model of Abnormality and Health, Model of Psychotherapy and Demonstrated Effectiveness.(Jones & Butman, 1991) In this way, we can consider the victories of the past and leave behind the mistakes.

History of Sunnah

Deutsch |Francais| Espanol | About Us |Contact Us islamweb english Thursday, November 29, 2012 Muharram 15, 1434 Welcome to Islam Fatwa Articles Fiqh Boys & Girls E-Books Women Multimedia Quran Recitations Lectures Athan Duaa Islamic Songs Movies Services Prayer Times Weather Forecast Calendar Converter Special Folders Palestine Ramadhaan Oasis Hajj & Umrah Xmas & New Year's Sacred Months Valentine's Day Newsletter Email Newsletter icon, E-mail Newsletter icon, Email List icon, E-mail List icon Sign up for our Email Newsletter VoteCan Morsi restore Egypt’s leadership? Yes No Vote Results History of the Sunnah -I: At the time of the Prophet [Rate: The article has not yet been rated] Rating 0 | Vote! Print Send this Article to friend Read : 11234 | Print : 429 | Sent : 0 | Rate : 0 22/09/2010 Muslims were, early on, aware of the significance of the Sunnah and its authority. They, one generation after the other, were keen to preserve the Sunnah because they saw that as a part of the preserving of the last revelations man is ever to receive.Their efforts were unabated, and the remarkable job they did is unparalleled in the experience of any other religion or civilization. At the time of the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ): One of the main reasons behind this is the fact that the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) clearly taught the Companions may Allaah be pleased with them the importance of his Sunnah, its place in Islam and their role in saving it, teaching and conveying it to others around them and to those who would come after them.In so doing, he sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) followed an effective methodology, which will be briefly outlined below: 1. He sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) emphasized the importance of seeking knowledge and teaching it to others. He sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his men tion ) said: â€Å"Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim (male and female). † [Ibn Maajah] Also, he sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) said: â€Å"Whosoever pursues a path to seek knowledge therein, Allaah will thereby make easy for him a path to Paradise.No people gather together in one of the houses of Allaah (mosques), reciting the Book of Allaah and studying it among themselves, without tranquility descending upon them, mercy enveloping them and angles surrounding them, and Allaah making mention of them to those (angels) who are with Him. † [Muslim] 2. He sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) always had a center for teaching. Most of the time, it was the mosque. 3. He sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) was soft in his dealings and always facilitated things and made them easy for others.He sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) was merciful and humble and made himself readily available. 4. He sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) never pushed people into anything. Instead, he sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) gradually taught them and led them to change. He sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) always motivated them to follow his example and be their best. 5.He sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) would not continuously teach or work with them, but he would give them enough breaks to avoid overstressing or boring them. 6. He sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) spoke plainly and clearly and he sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) talked to people at their level of understanding and intellectual ability. Whenever appropriate, he sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) spoke to people in their own dialect for the Arabs had different dialects. . He sallal laahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) used the method of repetition. He sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) would repeat whatever he wanted to stress for three times to insure that all heard him properly and clearly understood what he sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) was saying. 8. When questioned, he sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) would give more than what is expected as an answer and use the occasion to further clarify things for all, and teach about other things. . Whenever the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) had to choose between two ways, he sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) chose the easier way, which had facility and mercy if there was nothing forbidden in that, and he sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) kept away from the difficult and harsh ways. 10. He sallallaahu `alayhi w a sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) attached special attention to teaching the women and provided them special times for questions.He sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) encouraged them to ask and learn. 11. He sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) used to do his best in everything, and he sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ) perfected whatever he did, thus setting an example for others. The era of the Companions and their Followers The Companions may Allaah be pleased with them did their utmost to convey Islam to the generations succeeding them in the best and most accurate way possible.They sincerely loved it, honestly lived according to it and faithfully preserved it and kept any impurity or irregularity out of it. Their role in the preservation of Islam was one of utmost importance to its continuation, but they were highly prepared for it by the best teacher and trainer, the Prophet sallallaahu ` alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ). Thus the studying of this era, especially with respect to the history and authority of the Sunnah, is necessary to all Students of Knowledge.And since this article will not provide enough details to properly cover the subject, it is recommended that the readers consult the following list of books on the subject: Studies of Early Hadeeth Literature by M. M. Azami, Sunnah Qabla at-Tadween (the Sunnah before Writing) by Ajaj Al-Khateeb, The Sunnah and its Place in Islam by Mustafa As-Siba'ee, Manhajj an-Naqd fi Uloom Al-Hadeeth (The Methodology of Critique in the Sciences of Hadeeth) by Noor-ud-deen Etr, Al-Hadeeth wal Muhaddithoon (Hadeeth and Hadeeth Narrators) by Muhammad M.Abu Zahou, and Hujjiatus Sunnah (The Authority of the Sunnah) by Houcine Chouat. Methodology of the Companions in Preserving the Sunnah Before discussing the Companions' ways of learning, practicing, preserving and conveying of the Sunnah, it is worthwhile to she d some light on the main points one needs to understand about the Companions may Allaah be pleased with them and their methodology: 1. The Companions may Allaah be pleased with them were fully aware of the responsibility they shoulder after the death of the Prophet sallallaahu `alayhi wa sallam ( may Allaah exalt his mention ). . The Companions may Allaah be pleased with them are all trustworthy. They may Allaah be pleased with them never doubted one another in the matters of this religion and the narration of Hadeeth. 3. The Companions may Allaah be pleased with them have developed a methodology for scrutinizing Hadeeths and narrators, and by doing that have established the rules of ascertaining narrations for those who came after them. 4. The ability of different Companions may Allaah be pleased with them to understand the Sunnah, memorize it and convey it varied from one Companion to another. . The Companions may Allaah be pleased with them left Makkah and Madeenah to many places around the Muslim world, at the time, for the purpose of delivering the message and teaching Islam to those who accepted it thus spreading the Sunnah throughout the land. It is interesting to note that about 750 Companions may Allaah be pleased with them narrated Hadeeths, seven of whom narrated a high number of Hadeeths, and about twenty narrated an average number, the rest narrated a small number.The seven who narrated a large number of Hadeeths are: Abu Hurayrah who narrated 5374 Hadeeths, ‘Abdullaah Ibn ‘Umar narrated 2630, Anas Ibn Maalik narrated 2286, ‘Aa'ishah narrated 2210 Hadeeths, ‘Abdullaah Ibn ‘Abbaas narrated 1660, Jaabir Ibn ‘Abdullaah narrated 1540, and Abu Sa'eed AI-Khudri narrated 1100 Hadeeths may Allaah be pleased with them. They understood their role and were aware of the significance of their ability in narrating the Hadeeths and did their best to deliver them diligently and accurately. Muslims of all times are indebted to t hem may Allaah be pleased with them.History of the Sunnah -II: The era of the Companions and their followers Related Articles The two most authentic books of Hadeeth The Sunnah: The second source of legislation Origination of Sunnah from the Prophet More New Popular Guest Book Articles Fatwa Multimedia Subject Published on 1 Words of divorce 2012/11/29 2 Youth loved by Allaah – II 2012/11/29 3 Youth loved by Allaah – I 2012/11/29 Occasions 1 The Sacred Months 2 The Sacred Month of Muharram 3 The beginning of a New Islamic Year All rights reserved to IslamWeb.  © 2012

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